Articles
Media Literacy and the Fight Against Online Extremism
Media literacy — the ability to critically evaluate information sources, recognize manipulation, and understand how digital platforms amplify certain types of content — has emerged as a key tool in co…
How to Report Online Hate Speech: A Practical Guide
Experiencing or witnessing online hate speech can be distressing. Knowing how and where to report it — whether to platforms, law enforcement, or regulatory bodies — gives victims practical recourse an…
Hate Speech Laws in the European Union: A Country Overview
Hate speech law in the European Union operates at two levels: a baseline established by EU framework decisions and directives, and national laws in each member state that often go further in their sco…
The Digital Services Act and Hate Speech: What Platforms Must Now Do
The EU's Digital Services Act, fully applicable since February 2024, represents the most significant regulatory intervention in online content governance in Eur…
Countering Hate Speech in Schools: Resources for EU Educators
Schools are a primary setting for hate speech prevention — reaching young people when values are being formed. A guide to Council of Europe and Erasmus+ resources for educators across Europe.
Algorithmic Amplification: How Platform Design Shapes Hate Speech
Recommendation algorithms do not create hate speech — but they amplify it at scale. How engagement-maximising design drives radicalisation, and what the DSA requires platforms to change.
Online Hate Speech Against Women: EU Legal Frameworks Explained
Women face disproportionate online harassment and gender-based hate speech. A guide to EU legal protections, the 2022 Violence Against Women Directive, DSA platform obligations, and support resources.
The DSA in 2026: What Happens When Your Platform Has a Hate Speech Problem?
Learn the 2026 EU Digital Services Act hate speech obligations for online platforms. Understand rules for VLOPs, notice-and-action duties, and the risk of.
Criminal Defamation Laws in Europe in 2026: What Journalists and Activists Need to Know
ECHR Article 10 standards, criminal defamation in Poland, Italy, Germany, Spain, online cross-border exposure, SLAPP litigation, and the Anti-SLAPP Directive's gaps for criminal proceedings.
ECHR Article 10 and Hate Speech: How the Strasbourg Court Draws the Line
How the ECtHR balances free expression against hate speech restrictions — the Article 17 exclusion, proportionality analysis, landmark cases from Vejdeland to Perinçek, and the DSA dimension.
Interpol Red Notices Used Against Journalists and Activists: The Human Rights Problem
How authoritarian states misuse Interpol Red Notices against journalists and dissidents — the CCF challenge process, European legal protections, ECHR case law, and what advocates can do.